OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
- Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
- Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)
Basic Rules for Citations for Most Sources in a References List:
Print copies of books and EBooks from most academic research databases are cited the same. No URL is needed for most EBooks in the Library Catalog.
Follow this Format:
Author’s Last Name, A.A., & Author, B.B. (Publication year). Book title in italics: Capital letter also for the first word of a
subtitle (nth ed.). Publisher.
Example:
Cobbett, J.V., & Banks, A.D. (2019). Laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures: With nursing diagnoses (9th ed.).
Pearson.
For a chapter in an authored book, just create a reference for the whole book as shown in the example above, and provide the chapter number used with the in-text citation.
Example of the In-Text Citation:
(Cobbett, 2019, Chapter 2)
For a chapter in an edited book or an anthology, include in the full citation the author, title, and page numbers of the chapter, and the editor and title of the entire book.
Example:
Citation on the References Page
Hartweg, D.G. (2020). Dorothea Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory. In M.C. Smith (Ed.), Nursing theories and nursing
practice (5th ed., pp.109-134). F.A. Davis Company.
In-Text Citation for a Direct Quote
(Hartweg, 2020, p. 110)
Basic Rules for Articles found in GALILEO or Other Databases:
1. For the article title from a peer-reviewed/academic journal, or a newspaper or magazine:
2. For the title of the periodical-the journal, magazine, or newspaper where you found the article do the following:
3. If the article has a DOI include it. If there is no DOI and it is from GALILEO or another academic research database, no URL or database name is included in the citation. End the reference after the page range.
1. Citing Peer-Reviewed Scholarly Journal Articles in GALILEO with a DOI
Example (with DOI):
Suely, A. C., Machado, J. C., & Graça, P. (2018). Burden changes in caregivers of patients with type 2 diabetes: A
longitudinal study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(10), 2322-2330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.13728
2. Citing Academic Journal Articles from GALILEO with No DOI:
Example (with no DOI):
Anderson, M. (2018). Getting consistent with consequences. Educational Leadership, 76 (1), 26-33.
Follow this Format for an Academic Journal Article Citation:
Author’s Last Name, A.A. (Year). Title of the article. Title of Journal in Italics, Volume number in Italics(Issue #),
page numbers. https://doi.org/xxxxxxx (this is the DOI)
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
For an explanation of this citations and answers to other situation, read "How to cite ChatGPT" by Timothy McAdoo on the APA Style website. The above example is from this blog.
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Publication, Volume # (Issue #), page range. https://doi.org/xxxx (this is
the DOI)
Bergeson, S. (2019, January 4). Really cool neutral plasmas. Science, 363(6422), 33-34.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7988
Newspaper Article without a DOI in GALILEO or in Print Version
Rabin, R.C. (2018, October 30). Eyeing organic food as cancer foe. New York Times, D4.
How do I cite a webpage from a website?
(Year, Month Day) or (Year, Month) or (Year)
Follow this Format:
Author, A.A. (Date). Title of webpage in Italics. Website Name. Just the URL OR Retrieved Date, from https://XXXXX
OR
Name of Group. (Date). Title of webpage in italics. Website Name. Just the URL OR Retrieved Date, from https://XXXXXX
Examples:
Webpage on a Website with an Individual Author
Lillie, C.M. (2016, December 29). Be kind to yourself: How self-compassion can improve your resilience.
Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/self-compassion-can-improve-
your-resiliency/art-20267193
Webpage on a Website with a Group Author
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2020, June 2). Bipolar disorder. Medline Plus. Retrieved February 20, 2020,
from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000926.htm
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world population clock. U.S. Department of Commerce.
https://www.census.gov/popclock/
Newspaper Article from a Newspaper’s Website that is also Published in Hardcopy (include the URL):
Toone, S. (2020, February 27). This is how coronavirus could affect diet coke production. Atlanta Journal-
Constitution. https://www.ajc.com/news/this-how-coronavirus-could-affect-diet-coke-
Production/DNpJhhmnuueBHW00I9oOpN/
The person or group who uploaded the video is considered the author, even if they did not create the work since that will make it easier to retrieve.
The uploaded date is listed.
Follow this Format:
Author, A.B. (Year, Month Day). Video title in italics [Video]. YouTube. URL
Example:
University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk on water? [Video] YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=qm1xGfOZJc8
The Director of the film is used for the author for a Netflix film.
Follow this Format:
Director. (date). Title of film [Film]. Production Company.
Example:
Orlowski, J. (2020). The social dilemma [Film]. Exposure Labs.
Here's an example of how you would do a citation for an instructor's PowerPoint lecture notes.
Follow this Format:
Instructor's Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of lecture. [PowerPoint slides]. College department or division,
Reinhardt University. URL if available.
Example:
Andrews, C. (2021, March 21).Lecture on social media and mental health. [PowerPoint slides]. Arts and Sciences Division,
Reinhardt University.
A personal interview is considered personal communication since it cannot be recovered by readers and does not require a formal citation in your reference list at the end of your paper.
A personal interview is only cited in the text as an in-text citation in parentheses.
Format
Cite the communicator's name, the phrase "personal communication," and the date of the communication in your main text only.
Example of an In-Text Citation for a Personal Interview
(J. Smith, personal communication, April 29, 2021)
Interviews fall into three categories: published interviews, personal interviews, and research participant interviews. However, only published interviews require a formal citation in your reference list.
A published interview is found in places like a radio show, newspaper, or magazine. To cite a published interview, adhere to the format for that particular reference type (i.e., if the interview is on a podcast, cite the podcast). For more information on citing sources where an interview might appear, visit the Articles in Periodicals page or the Electronic Sources page at the OWL at Purdue." (OWL at Purdue)
A personal interview is considered personal communication since it cannot be recovered by readers and does not require a formal citation in your reference list at the end of your paper.
Author, A. A., (date). Title of chapter. StatPearls. Retrieved Month XX, Year, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/XXXXXXXX
Ranzenberger, L. R. & Pai, R. B. Lymphoscintigraphy. (2024). StatPearls. Retrieved September 30, 2024, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563213/
The intext citation would be:
(Author(s), date)
(Ranzenberger & Pai, 2024)
The URL would be from the chapter/article specific page and not the StatPearls landing page.
For APA images include:
For all source types, you need this information for the citation:
Arranged:
Author last name, First initial. (Publication or creation date). Title of image [Type of media]. Name of publisher, museum, or university. URL
Note: If the image does not have a title, use a short description inside brackets instead.
The APA citations are:
Nunuk, D. (n.d.).Wind turbines. [Photography]. Science Photo Library.
https://quest.eb.com/search/wind-turbines/1/132_1311726/Wind-turbines
Thompson, P. (1913). Votes for Women [Photography]. Getty Images.
https://quest.eb.com/search/115_862787/1/115_862787
For a painting:
Artist, A. (Year of release). Title of artwork [Medium]. Name of museum, City, State, Country. URL of museum
Stout, R. (2010). We shared a ripe mango [Painting]. High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA, United States.
https://high.org/exhibition/women-in-the-collection/